Human Nature The Double Character of Dr. Jekyll Essay

Naturally, it is human nature to yearn for some sort of evil. Sinning is common on a daily basis. Kids lean towards destruction. Countless people have the urge to gamble at casinos. Human beings are lustful creatures and have sexual notions constantly in their minds. Evil is not something that can be avoided. For those who appear perfect, their evil is well hidden. Thus, ...humanity is...synonymous with the struggle of good and evil (Abbey, et al. 328). Robert Louis Stevensons The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde centers on the dual nature of the human personality through the good and evil facets of Dr. Jekylls character. Victorian morals are significant in the establishment of duality due to the moral conflict†¦show more content†¦The division of good and evil in London mirrors the division between Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. Imagery plays a key role in the exploration of Dr. Jekylls double character. Stevensons use of imagery intensifies the plot and its relationship between good and evil (Rollyson 1863-1864). For example, Hyde is described as apelike and like a monkey while Dr. Jekyll is portrayed as handsome and elegant with proper stature (25-26, 38). This example indicates a reverse evolutionary process and confirms Jekylls disastrous attempt to interfere with the order of nature (Page 763). In general, Hyde is illustrated as animalistic, ugly, and deformed mainly to conjure an evil opinion of this character. However, the physical description may be more than simply symbolic. During the Victorian era, many believed in physiognomy, which was the belief that one could judge a criminal from his or her physical appearance. Hyde is depicted as a vampire who feeds on the very life of his victims (Abbey, et al. 327). ...[Hyde was] drinking pleasure with bestial avidity from any degree of torture to another, relentless like a man of stone (33). This vampire image suggests the way in which indulgence of evil eats away mans capacity for goodness. Lastly, Stevenson chose ideal names to suit and describe the personalities or actions of his characters. Just as Hyde hides in Jekyll, Je kyll hides in Jekyll. In French, Je means I and kyll probablyShow MoreRelatedThe Case Of Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde1052 Words   |  5 PagesStevenson’s Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. Apart from being an exceptional Gothic work, Stevenson’s novella is an excellent critique of the hypocrisy that dominated the Victorian era. In his novella, Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, Robert Louis Stevenson uses the characters of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde to expose the double standards and moral pretensions that governed Victorian society. Dr. Jekyll, the protagonist in Stevenson’s Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, is the ultimateRead MoreDuality Of Human Nature949 Words   |  4 PagesOne of the most predominant themes in literature is the duality of human nature. According to the Merriam Webster Dictionary, dualism is a view of human beings as constituted of two irreducible elements. Many pieces of literature concentrate on how every human possesses an animalistic and barbarous nature. In the novel The Strange Case of Dr.Jekyll and Mr.Hyde by Robert Louis Stevenson, the play Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare, and the short story William Wilson by Edgar Allan Poe, the ideaRead MoreLiterary Analysis of The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde† by Robert Louis Stevenson1530 Words   |  7 PagesThe city of London proved to be the sole dominant location in the 1800’s during the Victorian era in this novel. As the story unfolds in the classic literature novel, â€Å"The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde† written by Robert Louis Stevenson, the magnificent city of London becomes a darker and mysterious location. The powerful city of London embodied the freedom and solitude required for the antagonist of the story, Mr. Hyde to hide his wicked behavior from the society as a whole. AccordingRead MoreJekyll And Hyde Character Analysis708 Words   |  3 Pagespotions. Dr. Jekyll tried several things to stop the transformations, but nothing worked. He knew he would transform into Hyde permanently. The letter was his last conscious act as Dr. Jekyll. For this reason, Dr. Jekyll makes the decision to kill himself rather than allow Mr. Hyde liberate on the world. In the novel, Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde focuses on a conception of humanity as dual in nature, although the theme does not emerge fully until the last chapter, when the complete storyRead MoreThe Strange Case Of Dr. Jekyll And Hyde1436 Words   |  6 PagesNovels, plays, and movies often depict characters caught in a conflict with their doubles. Such collisions call a character’s sense of identity into question. Robert Louis Stevenson takes this idea of doubles to a whole new level in his novel The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Hyde. Upon closer examination of Stevenson’s The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Hyde and his reoccurring theme of duality, we see that however constrained a society is, a person must break free, be multifarious, exploratoryRead More The Importance of the House in The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde1117 Words   |  5 PagesImportance of the House in The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde In The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, Steveson used the architecture of Dr. Jekylls house very intelligently. The house can be regarded to be parallel to Dr. Jekylls double personality. Throughout the book, the house lends itself as a powerful prop, by which it is possible for Dr. Jekyll to use his house even when he is in the form of Mr. Hyde. The house, like Dr. Jekyll, has a dark side. On the front side of the houseRead MoreThe Strange Case Of Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde1291 Words   |  6 PagesRobert Louis Stevenson reveals the result of the social expectations on Victorians’ personalities in his novella, The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. Stevenson uses the motif of the double to make a commentary on the conflict between human nature and Victorian society; specifically, by presenting the dualities that exist in the lives of Utterson and Dr. Jekyll, as well as through the symbolism of the doors in the narrative. In the initial paragraphs of the novella, Stevenson introduces MrRead MoreJekyll and Hyde: A Comparision Essay1210 Words   |  5 PagesDr Jekyll and Mr Hyde Stevenson’s â€Å"The strange case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde† was one of the most famous works of horror fiction of all time in English literature. It was based in the nineteenth century. It reflects the influence of two important ideological forces in the Victorian era. The text uses gothic and detective elements to interest the reader as they were very popular at the time. The focus of the text is concentrated on the issue of Jekyll and Hyde’s personality which was describedRead MoreThe Picture Of Dorian Gray1608 Words   |  7 Pagesand Mr. Hyde Double is one of the most frightening themes of Gothic literature as it discloses humans’ darkly hidden desires or natures through their transformations. The characters’ transformation into double can be either literal or figurative. Either way, it demonstrates the decay of ones’ souls when the controls of their desires are lost, which result identity crisis or extreme panic and usually end in death. In Oscar Wilde’s novel The Picture of Dorian Gray, the picture illustrates Dorian’sRead MoreThe Duality of Man in Literary Works and Critical Essays1580 Words   |  7 PagesCritical Essays The lifelong struggle for control and recognition of the human mind has been a popular and evolving science since the late-nineteenth-century. Many notable authors, scientists, and laymen have been fascinated with the study since then. Robert Louis Stevenson is one of the more notable authors to write about dual personalities with his short story, â€Å"Markheim,† and the novella, †The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde.† The latter of these two stories has inspired the study of multiple

Descartes Meditations On First Philosophy - 1961 Words

In Descartes’ Meditations on First Philosophy, I will be considering if Descartes resolution to the â€Å"dreaming argument† seems acceptable to trust. The First Meditation is where the â€Å"dreaming argument† is first mentioned and then gets resolved later in the Sixth Meditation and the Objections and Replies. I will be touching on the idea that our experiences could be dreaming experiences based on personal experiences and thoughts I have had regarding this topic. Then I will go on to explain how it is possible to tell which state you are in from what Descartes has stated in his meditations and the experiences that have helped me to conclude this debatable matter. I believe that Descartes’s resolution is an adequate and in this paper I will explain why. The First Meditation is where Descartes first introduces his â€Å"dreaming argument† in the Meditations on the First Philosophy. Descartes explained how he was convinced that when he was dreaming, he was sensing real objects. He was almost positive that he was awake and sitting by the fire, but then later realizes he was dreaming, although he was fully convinced it was real experience he had. Descartes tell us that this sensation he had felt could be dream images but then mentions how even dream images are created from waking experience, an example being a painting. When a painter is making an imaginary creature, like a mermaid, the parts or this mermaid are taken from real life things like a woman and a fish and put together creatingShow MoreRelatedDescartes Meditations On First Philosophy807 Words   |  4 PagesConner Ruhl Professor Copley Philosophy 1000C 4 May 2015 Descartes, Meditations on First Philosophy Rene Descartes was the first great philosopher of the modern era, He had a new approach which was focused on scientific and mathematical truths. Descartes came to reject the scholastic tradition, one of which he was educated, due to his pursuit of mathematical and scientific truth. Much of Descartes work was done to secure advancement of human knowledge through the use of the natural sciencesRead MoreDescartes Meditations On First Philosophy1079 Words   |  5 PagesThroughout Descartes’ Meditations on First Philosophy, Descartes argues for the ideas and philosophical beliefs behind skepticism. In his writings, he describes the fallibility and importance of the body of man and through extension the senses with which we observe the world. This paper will first show that within Descartes’ writings the body is an extension of the mind. Secondly, this paper will prove that the senses are a false form of understanding which leads to the deception of the mind. FinallyR ead MoreDescartes Meditations On First Philosophy1318 Words   |  6 PagesPhilosophical Questions November 2, 2017 Cogito Ergo Sum Descartes Meditations on First Philosophy and his questioning of our existence in reality is a question which philosophers have tackled throughout time. Cogito ergo sum or I think therefore I am, a phrase brought about by Descartes is the backbone of his whole philosophy of our existence in reality. As long as we are thinking things, we exist. When we look at this approach to our existence we must first deny that any sensory data that we receive is believableRead MoreDescartes Meditations Of First Philosophy857 Words   |  4 PagesChristopher Joao Philosophy- 201 Mr. Jurkiewicz 4 March 2016 Descartes’ - Meditation #2 Rene Descartes was a French philosopher born in 1596. He is considered by many the father of modern philosophy and continues to have tremendous influence in the philosophical world to this day. The book, Meditations of First Philosophy, consist of six meditations and describes one meditation per day for six days. In meditation two, he claims that we have better knowledge of our own minds than of the physicalRead MoreDescartes Meditations On First Philosophy1264 Words   |  6 PagesDescartes’ Meditations on First Philosophy is a first-person record of Descartes’ descent into the bowels of disbelief, in order to eradicate all flawed belief from his life. In his first meditation, Descartes explains his argument for universal doubt, which leads him to doubt every truth he has ever established. Even the veracity of his sense perception is doubtful, as he renders those perceptions useless by arguing that in dreams, sense perceptions create the wildest of fantasies that can not beRead MoreDescartes Meditations On First Philosophy1712 Words   |  7 PagesDescartes’ Meditations on First Philosophy (1641) contains six Meditations. In the first two of these Descartes addresses doubt and certainty. By the end of the second Meditation Descartes establishes the possibility of certainty by concluding that he is a â€Å"thinking thing† and that this is beyond doubt. Having established the possibility of certainty, Descartes attempts to prove the existence of God. The argument he presents in the Third Meditation for the existence of God has been nicknamed theRead MoreDescartes Meditations On First Philosophy1536 Words   |  7 Pagesdid I formerly think I was? A man, of course. But what is a man?† (Descartes 340). This question that Descartes addresses in Meditations on First Philosophy is important because it outlines his core philosophical view in his work. His philosophy primarily focuses on dualism, which is the concept that there is another world that exists with ideal forms and is separate from the world of perception. The part of dualism that Descartes focuses his work on is the distinction between the soul and the bodyRead MoreDescartes Meditation On First Philosophy943 Words   |  4 Pages In the third meditation of Descartes Meditation on First Philosophy, Descartes argues that his idea of God must have come from God himself. One can also wonder whether that very own argument could also apply when Descartes has an idea of the Evil Demon. In this paper, I will argue that Descartes would not think that his having an idea of the Evil Demon proves that the Evil Demon exists. In his paper, Descartes was trying to find the source of his idea of God in order to prove that GodRead MoreDescartes Meditations On First Philosophy1080 Words   |  5 PagesRene Descartes’ Meditations on First Philosophy, God is not mentioned until the third meditation. Descartes point of view on God simply claims his existence through the act of being. According to his claim, God must, essentially, exist as well as being an outcome of His own creation. Descartes was greatly interested in the idea that God’s being promoted an external force that controlled all beings that supported his presence. Descartes declarations, presented in his Meditations on First PhilosophyRead MoreDescartes Meditations On First Philosophy922 Words   |  4 PagesIn Rene Descartes’ excerpt, Meditations on First Philosophy, he proclaims, â€Å"It is beyond question that I shall reach the truth if I think hard enough about the things that I perfectly understand, keeping them sep arate from all the other matters in which my thoughts are more confused and obscure† ( §104). When Descartes made this statement in his fourth meditation, what was he conjecturing by the term â€Å"perfect?† According to the standard interpretation, perfect encompasses all required or desirable

Effect of Chemical Fertilizer on Plants & Soil

Question: Write a report on effect of chemical fertilizer on plants soil? Answer: Introduction: The report aims at providing essential information about fertilizers that form an essential tool in increasing plant growth and production. The report focuses on issues such as the concept of fertilizer, its composition, and types of chemical fertilizers. It also highlights the advantages of fertilizers along with the overall effects of fertilizers on soil and plants. Concept Definition: Fertilizers are considered to be one of the most essential tools for gardeners or farmers. Any soil is rich in some of the nutrients while deprived of others. Use of fertilizers significantly supplements the nutrients that the soil lacks and also increases the chances of successful growth of various plants and enable good yield of crops. Modern synthetic fertilizers comprise of mainly phosphorus, nitrogen and potassium compounds with added nutrients. This use has improved the quality as well as the quantity of the available food. Fertilizers usually replace the chemical elements that are absorbed from the soil by plants. These are even aimed at enhancing the growing potential of soil with enhancement of environment than that of the natural soil. Fertilizers are basically used to replenish the soil. With the gradual growth and maturation of the plants they consume the nutrients of the soil with water (Tang, n.d. 140-145). With time these nutrients get depleted. On account of this, plants become sick and incapable to produce further foliage. These nutrients include nitrogen, potassium, magnesium, zinc and iron. Fertilizers are immensely helpful in promoting the soil fertility as well as enhancing plane growth. Health of the soil is based on the balance of macronutrients as well as micronutrients, including that of microbial health. Composed Elements in chemical fertilizers: The basic elements in fertilizers include nutrients that are essential for plant growth. Normally, plants utilize nitrogen within the synthesis of nucleic acids, proteins and hormones. When there is lack of nitrogen in plants, reduced growth as well as yellowing of leaves occur. Plants need phosphorus which is a component of nucleic acids, proteins and phospholipids. It is important to generate energy for driving metabolic chemical reactions. In the absence of adequate phosphorus, growth of plants may get reduced (Sinha, Gupta and Rana, 1986, 411-418). Potassium is used within protein synthesis as well as other processes. In the absence of adequate potassium, yellowing or spots of dead tissue may arise. Magnesium, sulfur and calcium are essential for plant growth. These are included in small amounts only in fertilizers since these exist naturally in soil. Some other micronutrients required by plants are copper, iron, chlorine, zinc, manganese, boron and molybdenum that function as co factors in reactions. Several substances are applied to provide required nutrients for effective fertilizers. Chemical fertilizers are usually made from various ingredients which are organic in nature (Olayinka and Adebayo, 1985, 47-56). They are made by chemical process which varies among various types of fertilizers. Most of the chemical fertilizers involve proportion of three basic nutrients required for plant growth, namely nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus. Different types of chemical fertilizers exist, all made to be applied in various soil conditions of different crops or plants. Major chemical fertilizers contains adequate amount of three basic nutrients known as macronutrients. If soil lacks any of these nutrients in adequate amount, successful plant growth as well as production may suffer. Most of the brands are labeled as 10-20-30. These indicate the content of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the fertilizer. In the present day productivity has been enhanced majorly and this is due to the use of fertilizers. Fertilizers are advanced means of promoting as well as enhancing productivity (Marschner and Waldemar Wilczynski, 1991, 229-236). Fertilizers are grouped into different types based on their comprising elements, strength and other attributes. Each fertilizer bears sufficient level of required chemicals, elements and minerals for ensuring healthy plant growth. These are basically blended combination of one or more organic or inorganic compounds as well as chemicals required by plants to grow successfully and get adequate nourishments. These are basically blended combination of one or more organic or inorganic chemicals or compounds that cause enhanced growth of plants, Type of chemical fertilizers: Chemical fertilizers are usually made from various ingredients which are organic in nature. They are made by chemical process which varies among various types of fertilizers. Most of the chemical fertilizers involve proportion of three basic nutrients required for plant growth, namely nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus. Different types of chemical fertilizers exist, all made to be applied in various soil conditions of different crops or plants. Major chemical fertilizers contains adequate amount of three basic nutrients known as macronutrients. If soil lacks any of these nutrients in adequate amount, successful plant growth as well as production may suffer. Most of the brands are labeled as 10-20-30. These indicate the content of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the fertilizer. Chemical fertilizers contain other nutrients such as urea and ammonia. There may be necessity for fertilizers with sufficient iron, copper, zinc, manganese and sulfur to the soil. These exist in small percentage and are known as micronutrients (Mahrous, Mikkelsen and Hafez, 1983, 455-472). These are also required for healthy growth of plants. Nitrogenous fertilizers are named so chemicals are combined with nitrogen element. Some common combinations are urea, ammonia and sodium. Also, phosphorus fertilizers have chemicals combined with phosphorus element. All the chemical fertilizers that have chloride or salts combined with increased percentage of potassium are called potash. Chemical fertilizers occur in three forms. Based on the constituents, fertilizers may be categorized as organic fertilizers and inorganic fertilizers. Organic Fertilizers These fertilizers comprise of completely or partially decayed organic materials that are bio-degradable to a great extent. This involves animal waste, rotten green manure or other natural elements that gets added to humus content within the soil and gets nourished (Mahmoud and Ibrahim, 2012, 88-126). Plants use these with the aid of microorganisms within the soil that decompose the total matter thereby releasing nutrients and making the whole thing soluble in nature so that plants may absorb them easily. Some organic fertilizers are manure, compost, fish and bone meal, etc. Inorganic fertilizers Any chemical fertilizer is known as inorganic fertilizer when the constituent elements originate from synthetic means. This leads them to be non-degradable. To bring about sustainability and increased growth in plants and crops, fertilizers are added to soil in the right amount. These fertilizers are prepared by the right amount of natural elements required by plants to bring about healthy as well as easy growth. They bear one or more essential nutrients like phosphorus, nitrogen, potassium and various other nutrients. When added to the soil, the nutrients fulfill the required demands of plants, thereby enabling them to make up for the lacked nutrients (Lian and Juang, 1993, 245-266). With the gradual growth and maturation of the plants they consume the nutrients of the soil with water. With time these nutrients get depleted. On account of this, plants become sick and incapable to produce further foliage. These nutrients include nitrogen, potassium, magnesium, zinc and iron. Chemical fertilizers contain other nutrients such as urea and ammonia (Tth, 2010, 2568-2576). There may be necessity for fertilizers with sufficient iron, copper, zinc, manganese and sulfur to the soil. These exist in small percentage and are known as micronutrients. These are also required for healthy growth of plants. Nitrogenous fertilizers are named so chemicals are combined with nitrogen element. Advantages of fertilizers: Fertilizers, be natural or chemical are just like food to plants. The most significant advantage of chemical fertilizers is that these cost much less than that of organic fertilizers. The increased price of organic fertilizers is only because of the need to harvest the organic material for using in fertilizers and also due to increased costs of being certified organic by government regulatory agencies. Fertilizers when used upon plants provide greater nutritional contents to plants and these are essential for their growth and increased crop yields. Fertilizers usually replace the chemical elements that are absorbed from the soil by plants (Lian and Juang, 1993, 245-266). These are even aimed at enhancing the growing potential of soil with enhancement of environment than that of the natural soil. Fertilizers are basically used to replenish the soil. With the gradual growth and maturation of the plants they consume the nutrients of the soil with water. With time these nutrients get dep leted. On account of this, plants become sick and incapable to produce further foliage. These nutrients include nitrogen, potassium, magnesium, zinc and iron. Chemical fertilizers contain other nutrients such as urea and ammonia. There may be necessity for fertilizers with sufficient iron, copper, zinc, manganese and sulfur to the soil. These exist in small percentage and are known as micronutrients (Knutson, 1990, 118-135). These are also required for healthy growth of plants. Nitrogenous fertilizers are named so chemicals are combined with nitrogen element. Some common combinations are urea, ammonia and sodium. Also, phosphorus fertilizers have chemicals combined with phosphorus element. Effects of fertilizers on soil plant: Chemical fertilizers are known to not only provide nourishments to plants and microbes, but also affect adversely to the soil life, particularly in the concentrated state or that if water soluble. Neutralization as well as acidification of the soil is harmful to microbes that basically depend upon enzyme. Enzymes are active only in particular pH. Else it slows down the enzyme reaction. Micronutrients act as activators of enzymes (Iwashima et al., 2012, 783-792). In this respect, ammonium sulphate is quite strong as biocide that hinders nitrogen fixation process and thereby kills earthworms as well as nematode. Superphosphate imposes negative effect upon free-living nitrogen fixing bacteria. Soil animals as well as soil microbes require mineral nutrients just like plants. Chemical fertilizers are beneficial for soil life, and this in turn helps availability of fertilizers for plants (Kitou and Yoshida, 1994, 211-220). Hence, bacteria that decompose cellulose require calcium as well as phosphorus, but availability of phosphorus or zinc is based on soil life. However, efficiency of chemical fertilizers lessens soil life. The most crucial issue that is being faced by the use of chemical fertilizers is that of contamination of groundwater. Fertilizers containing nitrogen gets broken down into nitrates and thus travel through the soil (Gong, Yan and Wang, 2011, 85-94). As it is water-soluble and may be contained in groundwater for years and years, the inclusion of increased nitrogen for several years may impart an accumulative effect. Research shows that urea which is a popular fertilizer produces emanation of ammonia and also contributes in acid rain, ozone depletion and contamination of groundwater on account of nitrous oxide by the process of de-nitrification. Along with enhanced use presently and in future, this issue may enhance several fold in the years to come (Clements, 1963, 276-294). Contamination of groundwater may be related to goiter, gastric cancer, hypertension, stomach cancer, testicular cancer and malformations. Nitrogen in excess amount from air or water-borne fertilizers often causes respiratory problems, different cancers, cardiac diseases, enhances allergenic pollen production, and severely affect various vector-borne diseases such as malaria, West Nile virus and cholera. One of the most crucial impacts of chemical fertilizers is that of methamoglobinemia. It is known as Blue Baby Syndrome in infants. Such contamination of nitrogen in groundwater results in marine dead zones (Beal, 1912, 130-131). The increased level of nitrates causes an influx of plant life that consumes all oxygen and this is chocking for all aquatic ecosystem. There is also use of raw sludge as a fertilizer and this enhances the risk of disease. Some recent concerns regarding environmental impacts of using synthetic fertilizers have caused us to consider synthetic fertilizers as the most appreciable alternative to organic fertilizers. These synthetic fertilizers need more fossil fuels for production as well as creation of more greenhouse gases than that of organic fertilizers (Ville and Fesquet, 1872, 212-225). Major chemical fertilizers contains adequate amount of three basic nutrients known as macronutrients. If soil lacks any of these nutrients in adequate amount, successful plant growth as well as production may suffer. Most of the brands are labeled as 10-20-30. These indicate the content of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the fertilizer. Chemical fertilizers contain other nutrients such as urea and ammonia. There may be necessity for fertilizers with sufficient iron, copper, zinc, manganese and sulfur to the soil. These exist in small percentage and are known as micronutrients. These are also required for healthy growth of plants. Nitrogenous fertilizers are named so chemicals are combined with nitrogen element. Some common combinations are urea, ammonia and sodium. Conclusion: Thus from the above study, we may conclude that fertilizers are basically used to replenish the soil. With the gradual growth and maturation of the plants they consume the nutrients of the soil with water. With time these nutrients get depleted. On account of this, plants become sick and incapable to produce further foliage. These nutrients include nitrogen, potassium, magnesium, zinc and iron. Fertilizers are immensely helpful in promoting the soil fertility as well as enhancing plane growth. Health of the soil is based on the balance of macronutrients as well as micronutrients, including that of microbial health (Wiley, 1894, 448-466). Various research are being conducted that focus on lessening the harmful impacts on environment by that of fertilizer usage and also less expensive fertilizer sources. These would make it more environment-friendly with improved process of application. References Beal, W. (1912). How the Scientific Farmer Fertilizes his Soil.Sci Am, 106(6), pp.130-131. Clements, R. (1963).Modern chemical discoveries. London: Routledge Paul. Gong, W., Yan, X. and Wang, J. (2011). The effect of chemical fertilizer on soil organic carbon renewal and CO2 emissiona pot experiment with maize.Plant Soil, 353(1-2), pp.85-94. Iwashima, N., Masunaga, T., Fujimaki, R., Toyota, A., Tayasu, I., Hiura, T. and Kaneko, N. (2012). Effect of vegetation switch on soil chemical properties.Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 58(6), pp.783-792. Kitou, M. and Yoshida, S. (1994). Mulching effect of plant residues on soybean growth and soil chemical properties.Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 40(2), pp.211-220. Knutson, R. (1990).Economic impacts of reduced chemical use. College Station, Tex.: Knutson Associates. Lian, S. and Juang, T. (1993).Combined use of organic and chemical fertilizers. Taipei City, Taiwan: ASPAC Food Fertilizer Technology Center. Lian, S. and Juang, T. (1993).Combined use of organic and chemical fertilizers. Taipei City, Taiwan: ASPAC Food Fertilizer Technology Center. Mahmoud, E. and Ibrahim, M. (2012). Effect of vermicompost and its mixtures with water treatment residuals on soil chemical properties and barley growth.J. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr., (ahead), pp.0-0. Mahrous, F., Mikkelsen, D. and Hafez, A. (1983). Effect of soil salinity on the electro-chemical and chemical kinetics of some plant nutrients in submerged soils.Plant Soil, 75(3), pp.455-472. Marschner, B. and Waldemar Wilczynski, A. (1991). The effect of liming on quantity and chemical composition of soil organic matter in a pine forest in Berlin, Germany.Plant Soil, 137(2), pp.229-236. Olayinka, A. and Adebayo, A. (1985). The effect of methods of application of sawdust on plant growth, plant nutrient uptake and soil chemical properties.Plant Soil, 86(1), pp.47-56. Sinha, A., Gupta, S. and Rana, R. (1986). Effect of soil salinity and soil water availability on growth and chemical composition ofSorghum halepense L.Plant Soil, 95(3), pp.411-418. Tang, Y. (n.d.).The use of chemical fertilizers in the milkfish ponds of Taiwan. Taipei: Chinese-American Joint Commission on Rural Reconstruction. Tth, T. (2010). Effect of Zinc and Dolomite Treatments on the Chemical Composition of Acid Sandy Soil and Bean Crop.Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 41(21), pp.2568-2576. Ville, G. and Fesquet, A. (1872).The school of chemical manures. Philadelphia: H.C. Baird. Wiley, H. (1894).Principles and practice of agricultural analysis. Easton, Pa.: Chemical Pub. Co.

The difference between price and non price competition Essay Example For Students

The difference between price and non price competition Essay Outline1 Introduction2 Market Structure3 Elasticity4 Co-efficient of snap = Percentage alteration in Angstrom5 Percentage alteration in B6 Price Elasticity7 Ep gt ; 18 0 lt ; Ep lt ; 19 Ep = 110 Ep = a?z11 Ep = 012 Cross Elasticity13 Income Elasticity14 EY = % alteration in measure consumed15 % alteration in income16 Income snap gt ; 1: Superior goods17 Income snap gt ; 0 and a†°Ã‚ ¤ 1: Normal goods18 Income snap lt ; 0: Inferior goods19 Monetary value Competition20 Non Price Competition21 Points of Difference between Price and Non-price Competition22 Major Factors act uponing Pricing Decisions 23 Shop Visited Big Bazaar, Vasant Square Mall24 Detailss of Display The shampoo section was chiefly divided amongst 3 racks25 The show was as follows 26 1st Rack Head and Shoulders, Clinic All Clear, Garnier Fructis, Clinic Plus, Vivel27 2nd Rack Pantene, Loreal, Dove, Sunsilk, Fiama Di Wills28 3rd Rack Nyle, Chik, Halo, Himalaya, Vatika Introduction In economic sciences, market is defined as any topographic point where the Sellerss of certain peculiar goods and services meet with the purchasers of the same goods and services and a dealing can take topographic point amongst the two. Any market has two primary facets, which are demand and supply. Demand and supply are the most of import constructs of a market economic system. We will write a custom essay on The difference between price and non price competition specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Demand is defined as the sum of goods or services that consumers will readily purchase at different monetary values within a given clip period, during which factors other than the monetary value are held changeless. Whereas supply is defined as the sum of goods or services that manufacturers are ready to sell at different monetary values within a given clip period, during which factors other than monetary value are held changeless. In this reply we will be looking at both the demand every bit good as the supply side of the market. Hence we will see both the manufacturer and the consumers point of position. From the consumers point of position we will be looking at the construct of snap while from the manufacturers point of position we will see the market construction every bit good as the monetary value and non-price competition that exists in it. Market Structure Interconnected features of a market, such as the figure and comparative strength of purchasers and Sellerss and grade of collusion among them, degree and signifiers of competition, extent of merchandise distinction and easiness of entry into and issue from the market. Four basic types of market construction are ( 1 ) Perfect Competition-Many purchasers and Sellerss, none being able to act upon monetary values ( 2 ) Monopoly-Single marketer with considerable control over supply and monetary values ( 3 ) Oligopoly-Several big Sellerss who have some control over the monetary values and ( 4 ) Monopolistic-Large figure of Sellerss sell differentiated merchandises which are close replacements for one another. Perfect Competition- A absolutely competitory market is one in which there is a big figure of purchasers and Sellerss of a homogeneous merchandise and neither a marketer nor a purchaser has any control on the monetary value of the merchandise. A absolutely competitory market is assumed to hold the undermentioned characteristic Large figure of purchasers and sellers- The figure of Sellerss is assumed to be so big that the portion of each marketer in the entire supply of a merchandise is really little. Thus the houses are price-takers non price-makers. Monopoly- It is market state of affairs in which there is a individual marketer of a trade good of lasting differentiation without close replacements. A monopoly house enjoys an absolute power to bring forth and sell a trade good. Monopoly houses excessively have to confront indirect competition ; there are at least two chief beginnings of indirect competition. One beginning of indirect competition is competition between monopoly goods and other goods produced by other monopolies and competitory houses for claiming a considerable portion in consumers budget. And the 2nd beginning of indirect competition is from the handiness and monetary value of inferior replacements. Oligopoly- It is a market dominated by a comparatively little figure of big houses. The merchandises they sell may be either standardised or differentiated. Part of the control that houses in oligopoly markets exercise over monetary value and end product roots from their ability to distinguish their merchandises. But market power besides comes from their sheer size and market laterality. Whether the Sellerss in an oligopolistic market vie against each other by distinguishing their merchandise, ruling market portion, or both, the fact that there are comparatively few Sellerss creates a state of affairs where each is carefully watching the other as it sets its monetary value. In economic science we refer to this pricing behaviour as common mutuality. This means that each marketer is puting its monetary value while explicitly sing the reaction by its rivals to the monetary value that it establishes. .ua74df2f0787ce096351c0349dd9292ae , .ua74df2f0787ce096351c0349dd9292ae .postImageUrl , .ua74df2f0787ce096351c0349dd9292ae .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua74df2f0787ce096351c0349dd9292ae , .ua74df2f0787ce096351c0349dd9292ae:hover , .ua74df2f0787ce096351c0349dd9292ae:visited , .ua74df2f0787ce096351c0349dd9292ae:active { border:0!important; } .ua74df2f0787ce096351c0349dd9292ae .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua74df2f0787ce096351c0349dd9292ae { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua74df2f0787ce096351c0349dd9292ae:active , .ua74df2f0787ce096351c0349dd9292ae:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua74df2f0787ce096351c0349dd9292ae .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua74df2f0787ce096351c0349dd9292ae .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua74df2f0787ce096351c0349dd9292ae .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua74df2f0787ce096351c0349dd9292ae .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua74df2f0787ce096351c0349dd9292ae:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua74df2f0787ce096351c0349dd9292ae .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua74df2f0787ce096351c0349dd9292ae .ua74df2f0787ce096351c0349dd9292ae-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua74df2f0787ce096351c0349dd9292ae:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Have we learnt from the Holocaust? EssayMonopolistic- It is a market in which there are many houses and comparatively easy entry. These two features are really similar to those of perfect completion. What enables houses to put their monetary values ( that is to be monopolistic ) is merchandise distinction. By somehow converting their clients that what they are selling is non the same as the offerings of other houses in the market, a monopolistic rival is able to put its monetary value at a degree that is higher than the monetary value established by the forces of supply and demand under conditions of perfect competition. Elasticity Elasticity is defined as a per centum relationship between two variables, that is, the per centum alteration in one variable relation to a per centum alteration in another. Co-efficient of snap = Percentage alteration in Angstrom Percentage alteration in B Price Elasticity The measuring of sensitiveness of the alteration in measure demanded is to a alteration in monetary value in per centum footings is called the monetary value snap of demand. Demand monetary value snap is defined as a per centum alteration in measure demanded caused by 1percent alteration in monetary value. Harmonizing to economic experts there are three classs of monetary value snap ( Ep ) : 1.Relative Elasticity of Demand Ep gt ; 1 This occurs when a 1percent alteration in monetary value causes a alteration in measure demanded greater than 1percent. 2.Relative Inelasticity of Demand 0 lt ; Ep lt ; 1 Here the per centum alteration in monetary value is greater than the corresponding alteration in measure. 3.Unitary Elasticity of Demand Ep = 1 A 1percent alteration in monetary value consequences in a 1percent alteration in measure in the opposite way. There are two confining instances at the extremes of the snap graduated table 1.Perfect Elasticity Ep = a?z In this instance there is merely one possible monetary value and at that monetary value an limitless measure can be sold. 2.Perfect Inelasticity Ep = 0 Under this status the measure demanded remains the same regardless of monetary value. Cross Elasticity Cross snap or cross-price snap trades with the impact in per centum on the measure demanded of a peculiar merchandise created by a monetary value alteration in a related merchandise while everything else remains changeless. In economic science, there are two types of relationship replacement good and complementary good. Substitutes are the same merchandises but are sold by different providers and one provider can be considered a replacement for the other. Complements are the merchandises that are consumed or used together along with one merchandise. The cross snap ( EA, B ) is a step of the per centum alteration in measure demanded of merchandise A resulting from a 1 per centum alteration in the monetary value of merchandise B. The general equation can be written as Income Elasticity Measure of sale is a map of or does acquire influenced by the consumers income. Harmonizing to economic experts, income snap ( EY ) is a step of the per centum alteration in measure consumed ensuing from a 1percent alteration in income. The general equation can be written as EY = % alteration in measure consumed % alteration in income Some merchandises will be demanded by consumers whose incomes are low, but as incomes rise and consumers feel better off they will switch ingestion to goods more commensurate with their new economic position. Commodities of this type are normally referred to as inferior goods. So, in the construct of income snap there are three classs Income snap gt ; 1: Superior goods Income snap gt ; 0 and a†°Ã‚ ¤ 1: Normal goods Income snap lt ; 0: Inferior goods Monetary value Competition Price competition involves viing houses seeking to crush each other in footings of the monetary values they sell their merchandise at. Firms viing in monetary values respond rapidly and sharply to their rivals monetary values. These houses try to capture a larger portion of the market by selling the merchandises at the lowest monetary value. Match and crush the monetary value of the competition. To vie efficaciously, need to be the lowest cost manufacturer. Must be willing and able to alter the monetary value often. Need to react rapidly and sharply. Rivals can besides react rapidly to your enterprises. Customers adopt trade name exchanging to utilize the lowest priced trade name. Sellers move along the demand curve by raising and take downing monetary values. Non Price Competition Emphasize merchandise characteristics, service, quality etc. Can construct client trueness towards the trade name. Must be able to separate trade name through alone merchandise characteristics. Customer must be able to comprehend the differences in trade names and see them as desirable. Should be hard / impossible for rivals to emulate the differences ( Patents ) . Must advance the distinguishing characteristics to make client consciousness. Monetary value differences must be offset by the sensed benefits. Sellers shift the demand curve out to the right by emphasizing typical properties. Points of Difference between Price and Non-price Competition The major difference between monetary value and non monetary value competition is that monetary value competition implies that the house accepts its demand curve as given and manipulates its monetary value in order to seek and achieve its ends, while in non monetary value competition it seeks to alter the location and form of its demand curve. .u90aa924843feb9b5eb05f57354e05ddf , .u90aa924843feb9b5eb05f57354e05ddf .postImageUrl , .u90aa924843feb9b5eb05f57354e05ddf .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u90aa924843feb9b5eb05f57354e05ddf , .u90aa924843feb9b5eb05f57354e05ddf:hover , .u90aa924843feb9b5eb05f57354e05ddf:visited , .u90aa924843feb9b5eb05f57354e05ddf:active { border:0!important; } .u90aa924843feb9b5eb05f57354e05ddf .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u90aa924843feb9b5eb05f57354e05ddf { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u90aa924843feb9b5eb05f57354e05ddf:active , .u90aa924843feb9b5eb05f57354e05ddf:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u90aa924843feb9b5eb05f57354e05ddf .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u90aa924843feb9b5eb05f57354e05ddf .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u90aa924843feb9b5eb05f57354e05ddf .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u90aa924843feb9b5eb05f57354e05ddf .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u90aa924843feb9b5eb05f57354e05ddf:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u90aa924843feb9b5eb05f57354e05ddf .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u90aa924843feb9b5eb05f57354e05ddf .u90aa924843feb9b5eb05f57354e05ddf-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u90aa924843feb9b5eb05f57354e05ddf:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: 1984 misc 12 00 EssayThe non monetary value competition is a selling scheme in which one house tries to separate its merchandise or service from viing merchandises on the footing of properties like design and craft. The house can besides separate its merchandise offering through quality of service, extended distribution, client focal point, or any other than monetary value. In instance of monetary value competition the house tries to separate its merchandise or service from viing merchandise on the footing of low monetary value. Non Price competition involves promotional outgos, selling research, new merchandise development and trade name direction cost. The promotional outgos includes advertisement, adding staff, the location convenience, gross revenues publicity, vouchers, particular orders or free gift. Firm s prefer non-price competition, inspite of extra costs involved it is normally more profitable than selling at lower monetary value and avoids the hazards of monetary value war. Although any house can utilize non monetary value competition, it is most common among Oligopolies and Monopolistically competitory houses, because houses can be highly competitory. In order to separate themselves they use non-price agencies. Major Factors act uponing Pricing Decisions Organisational and Marketing Aims Types of pricing Aim Buyers perceptual experiences Supply and Demand is an economic theoretical account of monetary value finding in the market. In the competitory market the unit monetary value of the peculiar good will change until it settles at the point where the measure demanded by the consumer ( at the current monetary value ) will be the measure supplied by the manufacturer ( at the current monetary value ) , ensuing in an economic equilibrium monetary value and measure. Shop Visited Big Bazaar, Vasant Square Mall Detailss of Display The shampoo section was chiefly divided amongst 3 racks The show was as follows 1st Rack Head and Shoulders, Clinic All Clear, Garnier Fructis, Clinic Plus, Vivel 2nd Rack Pantene, Loreal, Dove, Sunsilk, Fiama Di Wills 3rd Rack Nyle, Chik, Halo, Himalaya, Vatika Even a glimpse at the show is sufficient to province that the higher priced shampoos covered a greater every bit good as more distinguishable place to be seeable to the consumers. It was besides noticed that largely shampoo trade names of similar companies were unbroken togethar. The chief leaders in the shampoo section of the market were ITC, Hindustan Unilever, Loreal and Procter and Gamble. All these companies had more than one trade name in the market such as Hindustan Unilever Dove, Sunsilk etc. Procter and Gamble Pantene, Head A ; Shoulder etc. Loreal Loreal, Garnier etc. Not merely assorted trade names of different companies but each trade name excessively had assorted classs of shampoos such as beauty shampoo, anti-dandruff shampoo, shampoo for oily hair, shampoo for dry hair, shampoo for radiance, shampoo for colored hair, shampoos for childs etc. There were three chief sections for the differences in the class of shampoos but all the three sections were chiefly differentiated on the footing of monetary values more than quality because it was non much of an issue for the consumers to pay more for better quality. After analyzing the shampoo section in the market we got to understand that the shampoo market has got a monopolistic market construction. Monopolistic is one market in which there are many Sellerss and therefore entry of a house is comparatively much easier. Since it s a monopolistic market hence they are prosecuting in both monetary value and non-price competitions seeking to distinguish the merchandise. For illustration sing monetary value competition Chik came into market at the monetary value of Re.1 and even came up with shampoo sachets for 50p. And advertizements are besides illustrations of non-price competitions. And every bit far as non-price competition is concerned Loreal and Sunsilk are authoritative illustrations. But to be blunt trade names like Sunsilk, Pantene, Loreal vie both in monetary value and non-price competitions. But every bit far as low scope shampoos are concerned, such as Chik, Halo, Ayur etc. vie merely in monetary values. Hair attention is one such division in which consumers are really careful while exchanging trade names. By and large they do non as it affects the hair. And therefore keeping a good quality of merchandise sing this section is a basic component to pull new clients. PANTENE and DOVE has stood on that portion as there is a really less divergence of clients from these trade names. It has that attractive force power that its topographic point in the show shelf has remained unaffected. However in a monopolistic house the fringy gross should be equal to fringy cost in order to maximise its net income. Oligopoly- It is a market dominated by a comparatively little figure of big houses.